The Bible Is Not A Children s Book Essay - 1983 Words

The Bible is not a children’s book. Not only is it beyond the length and reading level appropriate for younger audiences, it often covers what some parents might consider inappropriate topics. Imagine finding an illustrated children’s bible containing graphic stories about talking to â€Å"ghosts† ‘or children being burned alive as sacrifices to God. These are troubling stories that actually appear within the Hebrew Bible, which even some adults may feel uncomfortable discussing. Academic scholarship of the Bible, however, should not be influenced by such discomfort. This has led a handful of scholars to study these death-related experiences within ancient Israelite contexts. The last thirty years have revealed at least two contemporary topics of conversations between scholars within this subfield: necromancy and child sacrifice among ancient Israelite religion. Typically, dialogue about ancient Israelites is framed among the broader beliefs and practices o f peoples from the surrounding geographical region including the Canaanites, Egyptians, and other ancient peoples; these topics are no exception. While, there is also no consensus among modern scholars, the majority of academics appear to accept both child sacrifice and necromancy as a historical practice belonging to the worship of Yahweh. Nonetheless, these scholars continue to do so with varying degrees of beliefs about the particular conditions during which these controversial customs were performed.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Bible : Course Facilitator Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pages Ms. Weis - Course Facilitator RE102 Old Testament Literature Israelite s Words change over time, making it difficult to understand because the original meanings don t change, but people s understanding can be changed as cultures change. There is only one correct way to interpret the Bible, however, there are many incorrect ways and much arguing over who is more correct. Most of this has to do with Satanists who go incognito asRead MoreGood News Bible : The Testament And The New Testament1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"Bible† is an interesting one as it potentially encompasses many different entities. There are thousands of versions of the Bible, many arranged and presented in a variety of ways. They vary physically in content, and as I recently discovered aren t necessarily Christian. Below I delve into a rather interesting version of the book published in 1976 by HarperCollins (in conjunction with the American Bible Society). Good News Bible is a compilation of the Old Testament and the New TestamentRead MoreThe Poisonwood Bible, By Ba rbara Kingsolver, And Jane Eyre1320 Words   |  6 PagesPoisonwood Bible,† by Barbara Kingsolver, and â€Å"Jane Eyre,† by Charlotte Bronte, the authors express that when children are brought up by a selfish guardian it will negatively affect them. â€Å"The Poisonwood Bible† is about a christian family of six who go down to the Belgian Congo on a mission trip to â€Å"save† the Congolese. But instead of â€Å"saving† them,â€Å"[they] aimed for no more than to have dominion over every creature that moved upon the earth†(Kingsolver 10). On the other hand the book â€Å"Jane Eyre,†Read MoreThe Bible : The Middle East1240 Words   |  5 Pagesglance Good News Bible looks like an inverted version of the Bible that most Christians are quite used to. Good News Bible has an off-gold cover and its title is printed in black ink. The cover is adorned with narrow vertical stripes that add a certain aesthetic to its otherwise modest appearance . These stripes stop directly above the word â€Å"Bible† and they seem to move aside for an important phrase placed strategically below the book s title. This three letter phrase; â€Å"Today s English Version†Read MoreSymbolism Between C.S. Lewis ´ The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe and The New Testament in the Bible1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe symbolism between C.S. Lewis’ The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, the fourth book in The Chronicles of Narnia, and the New Testament in the Bible, particularly the account of Jesus’ death is not merely coincidental because The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is, in fact, an allegory. An allegory is a story with morals in which characters, plots and settings are used as symbols. The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, by C.S. Lewis is rich with Christian symbolism even though the allegoricalRead MoreThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer By Mark Twain1258 Words   |  6 Pagesincorrect (sinful) behavior is, and how children are punished for the latter. Children are expected to the rules and they are expected to be on their best behavior. These correct behaviors include the children having to go to school, and both children and adults go to church. Children also go to Sunday school where they learn about God and recite bible verses. Additional behaviors include children praying at home and memorizing the Bible in verses. This is seen when Tom s brother, Sid, tells Aunt Polly thatRead MoreClassroom Management For Elementary Teachers881 Words   |  4 Pages1. Evertson, Carolyn M, Edmund T. Emmer, Barbara S. Clements, and Murray E. Worsham. Classroom Management For Elementary Teachers. Needham Heights, MA: A Viacom Company, 1997. This book gives ideas for elementary teachers how to manage their classrooms, such as classroom organization, classroom climates, and teaching strategies. It makes each step clear so that new elementary teachers are easy to get through. It also lists solutions for elementary teachers with problem behaviors. 2. GoogleRead MoreMinistry Needs For Pastors And Evangelists870 Words   |  4 Pagesspread of AIDs can be reduced. Support Orphanage for AIDS infected children â€Å"Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress †¦.† James 1:27 Every Child deserves love, hope and a bright future. A $35 per month contribution helps provide: †¢ nutritious food †¢ lodging †¢ medical care, including instruction on basic health and hygiene †¢ school uniforms and shoes †¢ school books and supplies †¢ And the opportunity to experience the life-changingRead MoreQuestions On Sickness And Chilion ( Destruction 942 Words   |  4 Pages09/22/16 Paper I – Part 2 1. Other than Mahlon (‘sickness’) and Chilion (‘destruction’), there are other names in the Book of Ruth which have their own meanings in Hebrew. Elimelech, the name of the father and Naomi’s husband, means ‘God is King’. Naomi means ‘pleasant’, and the name she wants everyone to call her after she heads back to Jerusalem without her husband and children (Mara) means ‘bitter’. And Obed, the child of Boaz and Ruth, means ‘worshipper’. However, it is still unknown what theRead MoreKnowing God s Will And His Purpose And Plans For Our Lives850 Words   |  4 Pages The book knowing God’s Will is a reflection of our Christian journey for allowing God to use us. As God begins to direct our path daily it will show in our character in our morals, in how we relate to other, in our pray life, a real desire to love all people, our personality will be a representation of the Lord, the way walk is d ifferent, the way and talk differently.As I read the book Knowing God’s will, I have gained a better understanding of how God wants me not to be. The book spoke about

Theme Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1013 Words

1. Jean Louise Finch is a young tomboy who lives with her father and brother in Maycomb County, Alabama. 2. To Kill a Mockingbird sets in Maycomb County, Alabama, and takes place during the Great Depression Era. 3. After Bob Ewell accuses Tom Robinson of raping his daughter, Mayella, Atticus is chosen to represent and defend Tom at his trial. 4. The theme of To Kill a Mockingbird is that we should not judge people by their appearance, nor pick on people who don’t cause any harm, because it would be a sin to do so. 5. Aunt Alexandra lives at Finch’s Landings with her husband but moved to Maycomb to live with Atticus and his children. 6. â€Å"Scout, go eat your supper and go to bed before I tell Atticus what you did.† 7. â€Å"Jem, how was your first day at school?† 8. â€Å"Tom, run home before he catches you!† 9. Even though she didn’t want to, Scout accepted the role as a ham in the school pageant. 10. At Mrs. Dubose’s funeral, I saw everyone from the neighborhood except for Boo Radley. 11. Everyone knew that the color of Tom Robinson’s skin would affect the decision of the jury. 12. After Tom Robinson’s trial, I could tell that it had an effect on the whole family because no one ate much of their dinner and no one slept much that night. 13. After hearing screaming coming from the Radley family, I advised everyone to be careful when walking past their yard tomorrow. 14. Hey, help me come up with some advice to give to Dill for coping with his stepfather. 15. â€Å"Atticus, is he okay andShow MoreRelatedThemes Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee939 Words   |  4 PagesSharon Yin Mrs. Reynolds English 9H 8 March 2015 Themes Foreshadowed in the First Chapter The first pages of a novel often introduce the major topics of the work, which is exactly what author Harper Lee did. The first chapter of To Kill a Mockingbird creates a basis and foreshadows the major themes that play out during the rest of the novel; themes such as prejudice, childhood and growing up, small town southern life, and bravery. One of the most crucial motifs in this novel is prejudice. TheRead MoreThe Mockingbird Theme in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee1047 Words   |  5 Pages This novel by Harper Lee has a seemingly curious title to a reader who looks at it in a literal way. Someone may argue that there are no mockingbirds in To Kill a Mockingbird but I beg to differ. An actual mockingbird may not play a large role in this story however the idea and connotation of a mockingbird becomes evident throughout the story in many characters. This is a major theme in the story and is shown through the characters Boo Radley, Mr. Raymond, and Tom Robinson all connected in the factRead MoreTheme Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee2681 Words   |  11 PagesHonors III 01 June 2015 Independent Novel Project To Kill A Mocking Bird Knowledge Section Significance of Title The title of the book is â€Å"To Kill a Mocking Bird† which is a bird that Atticus told Jem not to shoot at, and Ms. Maudie has described as the one type of bird that shouldn’t be killed because it sings beautifully (119). Also Atticus told Jem that it’s a sin to shoot a mockingbird, and so the title â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† means to kill innocence (119). There are several characters in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Theme Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1765 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis Of Themes In To Kill A Mockingbird The novel To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, published in 1960, comes out during a flourishing time of tremendous segregation and injustices in the United States. In fact, during this time in America, Civil Rights Movement are at their peak; also, some residents are pushing for equality for all, during this time period. One of those United States citizens who is exposing the South for what it truly is, is Harper Lee. Harper Lee, born on April 28, 1926Read MoreMajor Themes in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee989 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb, Alabama in 1903. This novel is basically a coming of age story for a young girl named Scout and her older brother named Jem. Who grows up in a time where racism is normal. They soon learn to stand up for what is right, just like their dad, Atticus. The Coexistence of Good and Evil The most important theme of To Kill a Mockingbird is the Coexistence of good and evil. The novel approaches this theme in many ways throughoutRead MoreMaturation Theme In To Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1609 Words   |  7 PagesMaturation Theme To Kill A Mockingbird â€Å"Maturity is not measured by age. It’s an attitude built by experience.† This quotation says of how you don’t mature by aging and growing older but maturing by understanding situations and events you are found in and how you deal with those challenges or problems. The definition of maturity is to â€Å"have attained a final or desired state.† This means that although some don’t mature ever in life it is of something every human being must do to properly work inRead MoreThemes in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesTo kill a mockingbird written by Harper Lee. Themes are the subject of a talk, a piece of writing or a persons thoughts. There are many themes present in this great American classic such as courage, racism, prejudice, morality and of course coming of age. Lee communicates these themes with characters, events that unfold and the scenarios that Jem and Scout have to face. One of many themes that is evidently present throughout the book is prejudice. The main action is of Atticus defending the innocentRead MoreThemes Found in Harper Lee ´s To Kill a Mockingbird843 Words   |  3 Pages 20160752 To Kill A Mockingbird James P. Krehbiel once said â€Å"Inevitably, if we are to grow and change as adults, we must gradually learn to confront the challenges, paradoxes, problems and painful reality of an insecure world.† In Harper Lee’s book, To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper lee sends many messages to the reader. Set in a fictitious town in Alabama in the 1930’s, one obvious theme is racism. However, while racism was the most obvious theme, it wasn’t the only one; other themes included innocenceRead MoreHow Does Harper Lee Present the Theme of Courage in to Kill a Mockingbird1048 Words   |  5 PagesHow Does Harper Lee Present The Theme Of Courage In To Kill A Mockingbird Harper lee presents the theme of courage through several of the characters within TKAM, such as Scout, Atticus, Calpurnia, and Mrs Dubose. Within the book courage is shown in different ways such as Scout’s innocence and naivety or Atticus’ reluctance to carry out an action but still having to carry it out. One character to show courage is Atticus who shows courage twice as he shoots Tim Johnson and stands up to the lynchRead MoreESSAY: The theme of human dignity in the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee.1501 Words   |  7 Pageseye. Thus, ones dignity would be decided based on societys opinion of them. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the theme of human dignity is portrayed by Scout, Calpurnia, and Atticus. This essay will analyze the theme of human dignity and describe how this novel proves that all people, regardless of race, social status, and family history are people of worth. Scout depicts the theme of human dignity by following Atticus words of wisdom and putting them to use in her everyday

Gauthier Essay Research Paper As promised here free essay sample

Gauthier Essay, Research Paper As promised, here are the derived characters with which Gauthier ( in his 1986 paper ) unites Archaeopteryx with modern birds, outside of all other bird-footed dinosaurs ( with Gauthier # 8217 ; s original clarifiers in parens ) [ and with my column remarks in brackets ] : Premaxillae elongate, narrow, and more pointed anteriorly, with longer nasal processes [ similar status in bullatosaurs, and in the nondinosaurian Megalancosaurus, but alone to Archie and subsequently birds in Maniraptora ] . Maxillary procedure of premaxilla reduced so that upper jaw participates loosely in external naris ( besides in troodontids ) . Enlarged brain/basicranium ( temporal muscular structure fails to widen beginning onto frontal castanetss [ to a certain grade in bullatosaurs and therizinosauroids, and possibly in some of the newer, brainier dromaeosaurids ] . Double-condyled quadrate displaced from distal place on opisthotic to more anteromedial place in contact with prootic ( Currie, pers. comm. and Walker, pers. comm. , disagree with Whetstone # 8217 ; s reading of the quadrate: Currie notes the anterior supplanting of the quadrate in troodontids [ possibly Nino can notice on the status in Pelecanimimus ] , and Walker does non see the quadrate to be double-condyled in Archaeopteryx ) . Maxillary and dentary dentitions reduced in size and figure ( or lost ) , with unserrated Crowns and enlarged roots that wholly enclose replacing dentitions within them [ many of the smallest bird-footed dinosaur dentitions are unserrated, which may be a developmental restraint. The adenoidal roots of bird dentitions are similar to those of troodontids, basal ornithomimosaurs, and ( in at least a twosome of instances ) dromaeosaurids ] . Robust furcula for enlarged flight muscular structure [ true to a certain extent, although oviraptorids and ( possibly ) some dromaeosaurids have significant furculae every bit good, and even the new Morrison? allosaurid seems to hold a crude furcula! ] . Scapula with more or less outstanding acromial process procedure for ligamentous connexion to collarbone. Lenght/bredth ratio of shoulder blade at midlength exceeds nine ( non in penguins ) and scapula tapers distally. Acrocoracoid tubercle larger than in other coelurosaurs. Coracoid enlaged and inflected posteromedially more so than in other coelurosaurs. Very long forelimb and custodies ( e.g. , in Archaeopteryx forelimb is 120-140 % of hind limb length, and more than twice every bit long as distance between glenoid and cotyloid cavity ) , with forearm more than 87 % of humerus length and mcII approaching or transcending one-half of humerus length. Ischium compressed and dorsoventrally deep. Compared to other bird-footed dinosaurs, shinbone, calf bone, and metatarsals comparatively more linear with regard to femur, irrespective of organic structure size ( mts abruptly in penguins and some other birds ) [ Actually, as S. Gatsey and I have shown elsewhere, what really is go oning is a difference in the allometry of bird V nonavian bird-footed dinosaur hind limb. In nonavian bird-footed dinosaurs, the tibia/fibula and the metatarsus become comparatively smaller as organic structure size ( and femur size ) increases ; in birds, the tibia/fibula and the metarsus become comparatively longer as organic structure size ( and femur size ) increases. Unfortunately, Archaeopteryx lies really near to the points at which the bird and nonbird allometric lines cross, so it is non possible to state at nowadays to which of these curves the Urvogel belongs ] . Fibula attenuate distally, and may non widen to stop of shinbone. Proximal tarsals fused to tibia/fibula and to one another in grownups [ besides in some ceratosaurs ] . Distal tarsals and metatarsals fused at least distally in to the full big persons ( convergent in some ceratosaurs, elmisaurids, and Hulsanpes ) [ future work may demo why this is no surprise for Hulsanpes ; besides found in Avimimus ] . First pedal figure elongate and reversed ( may be reversed in some extant birds ) [ the first reversed he uses is reverted ; the second is reversed in the evolutinary sense ] . Metatarsal I attached on the distal one-fourth of metatarsal II. Tail reduced to no more than 23 free caudal vertebrae. Feathers cover limbs and tail, plumes on sidelong border of tail and posterior border of weaponries enlarged, curved, and unsymmetrically vaned, bespeaking aerodynamic map [ While it is true these characteristics are presently merely known in Archaeopteryx and subsequently birds, there is merely negative grounds with respects to this character in other bird-footed dinosaurs, as discussed in the paragraph instantly following his character list ] . Therefore, there are derived characteristics associating Archaeopteryx to modern birds. In order to distort this hypothesis, extra analyses must be conducted which: a ) add new characters, or show that the above are non coded decently ; and B ) add new taxa, or show that the taxa antecedently used were non coded decently. Abundant new finds of Mesozoic birds and new bird-like bird-footed dinosaurs will assist on both these counts. With several squads working on merely this job ( gratefully non me: nonavian bird-footed dinosaurs are a job plenty! ) , we should acquire some interesting consequences. Dinosaurian Synapomorphies Found In Archaeopteryx # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; From: Dinogeorge @ aol.com Here are 20 to acquire you started ( characters shared with/retained from dromaeosaurids and other related bird-footed dinosaurs and dinosaurs ) : 1.Tridactyl hand with manual figures IV, V lost 2.Manual figure I robust 3.Manual digit II longest in manus 4.Manual figure III slender, with phalanges 3, 4 both short 5.Semilunate carpal 6.V-shaped furcula present 7.Straplike shoulder blade 8.Functionally tridactyl foots with retroverted big toe 9.Advanced mesotarsal ankle 10.Splintlike metatarsal V 11.Ascending procedure on astragalus 12.Slender calf bone 13.Femur with orthogonally inturned caput 14.Perforate cotyloid cavity 15.Pelvis reasonably opisthopubic 16.Pubis long, rodlike with distal enlargement 17.Bladelike Troy 18.Sacrum with at least 5 vertebrae ( A. has six ) 19.Long tail, distally stiffened 20.Jaws with dentitions There are tonss more # 8211 ; I # 8217 ; ve barely touched the skull in this list. But you get the thought, yes? Dromaeosaurid Archaeopteryx Gregory S. Paul # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; Geting ready for the Soc Avian Paleo A ; Evol conference on Mesozoic birds in June in DC has caused me to restudy Archaeopteryx and protoavian ( sensu Paul 1988 PDW ) bird-footed dinosaurs. With all the specimens old and new now available, virtually the full skull and skeleton is now known for Archaeopteryx. Decisions are as follows. Archaeopteryx truly is a winging bird-footed dinosaur that shows virtually no avian characters non observed in other bird-footed dinosaurs ( the big, distal, to the full reversed big toe may be the lone exclusion ) . Contrary to studies otherwise, there is no grounds for avian skull dynamicss, and the postorbital saloon was likely complete. The roof of the mouth and cranium are wholly theropodian in construction. Archaeopteryx is non merely a bird-footed dinosaur, it is a dromaeosaur because it portions a figure of elaborate characters merely with dromaeosaurs. Some other characters are found merely in the two signifiers and some basal birds. Some of the Archaeopteryx-dromaeosaur characters are as follows. oNasal depressed rhinal and neb overturned oDorsal procedure of upper jaw about reaches preorbital saloon oPreorbital saloon slender A ; consecutive preorbital in sidelong position oDorsal depression on the ectopterygoid oDiamond shaped supraoccipital oStrongly distorted paraoccipital procedure ( noted by Currie ) oHighly modified tail with hyperdorso-flexible base ( status approached in troodonts ) oMiddle finger most robust oIlium parallelogram shaped ( besides basal birds ) oPubic peduncle really big A ; reversed oIlio-pubic articulation inverted V form oPubic shafts are level home bases oriented 140 grades to each other In add-on, the pes of Archaeopteryx is functionally two toed, with a short toe II that is hyperextendable. Many Cretaceous bird-footed dinosaurs # 8211 ; dromaeosaurs, troodonts, oviraptors # 8211 ; are more bird-like than Archaeopteryx in many respects, and have a shoulder girdle that is similar to secondarily flightless birds. All this suggests that avian flight foremost evolved in arborical bird-footed dinosaurs ( where they developed large encephalons and frontward confronting eyes, characteristics non found in winging insects and flying reptiles ) , and that some of the winging bird-footed dinosaurs lost flight. Not cognizable at this clip is whether Archaeopteryx was a member of the true bird clade, or was an independent experiment in flight, or where bird-footed dinosaurs end and birds begin, among other affairs. # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; Copyright? 1996 several writers. This papers was a public station to the Dinosaur Mailing List. Feathered non-avian bird-footed dinosaurs found Jeff Punting # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; Scientists reported in the June 25, 1998, edition of the journal Nature the find of two new dodos from Liaoning, China. The early Cretaceous Liaoning site is already known for its spectacularly preserved dodos of soft tissue including plumes on specimens of Confuciusornis and possible protofeathers on Sinosauropteryx. The two new animate beings, named Protarchaeopteryx robusta ( robust foremost ancient-wing ) and Caudipteryx zoui ( Zou Jiahua # 8217 ; s chase plume ) , besides have plumes preserved but add to the list of unbelievable Liaoning finds for a different ground: they are, harmonizing to the writers, the first dinosaurs preserved with unambiguous plumes that are non in the clade Aves, the clade normally referred to as # 8220 ; birds. # 8221 ; The animate beings were covered with plumes, including down, like those of Archaeopteryx and modern birds, with cardinal rachis, radiating vanes and barbules. Unlike those of Archaeopteryx and all winging birds, the primary plumes of Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx were symmetrical, bespeaking they were incapable of sustained powered flight. The plumes covered their organic structures and formed # 8220 ; wings # 8221 ; on their forelimbs and big fans on their dress suits. Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx were about turkey-sized with long legs suited for Swift running. Neither animate being had the to the full reversed foremost toe held near to the land that Archaeopteryx and modern birds have, an version for roosting. Alternatively, the toe was farther up the pes in a place typical of non-avian bird-footed dinosaur dinosaurs. Both animate beings had U-shaped furculas typical of those known from both avian and non-avian bird-footed dinosaurs. Both dodos were found with gastroliths, or # 8220 ; tummy rocks, # 8221 ; like those found in modern birds and some predentatan dinosaurs, but neer earlier found in bird-footed dinosaurs. Both animate beings had gastralia, or belly ribs, typical of those of non-avian bird-footed dinosaurs and early birds. The dentition of Protarchaeopteryx were serrated, unlike those of all known birds, including Archaeopteryx. The dentition of Caudipteryx were confined to the premaxillary, and were linear and spike-like, alone among all bird-footed dinosaurs. Both animate beings had the semilunate ( lunula ) shaped bone in the wrist typical of birds and other maniraptoran bird-footed dinosaurs such as the dromaeosaurs, which includes animate beings like Velociraptor. Their unfused fingers besides had the typical bird-footed dinosaur and early bird phalangeal expression ( figure of castanetss in the fingers ) of 2-3-4-x-x. All fingers supported claws, with keratinous sheaths preserved on two claws of Protarchaeopteryx. The tail of Protarchaeopteryx was comprised of up to 28 vertebrae, similar to non-avian bird-footed dinosaurs, while Caudipteryx # 8217 ; s tail was comprised of 22 vertebrae like that of Archaeopteryx. The forelimbs of Protarchaeopteryx were shorter, compared with the thighbone, than in birds but was longer than those of long-armed non-avian coelurosaur bird-footed dinosaurs such as the dromaeosaurs. The forelimbs of Caudipteryx were shorter comparative to the thighbone than in both birds and non-avian coelurosaurs. Because of the deficiency of the perching version and the other synapomorphies that unambiguously identify Aves ( non listed here for brevity ) , both animate beings have been placed outside of the birds. The dodos do, nevertheless, have the characters typical of bird-footed dinosaur dinosaurs. On the dinosaur household tree, Caudipteryx is placed really near to, but more crude than, Archaeopteryx and all other birds while Protarchaeopteryx is considered to be closely related to the dromaeosaurs. Many paleontolgists and partisans feel the presence of confirmed plumes on non-avian dinosaurs should take any tarriance uncertainties that birds are dinosaurs. # 8220 ; It is a historic minute when a contention is resolved, # 8221 ; Dr. Phil Currie of the Royal Tyrrell museum in Alberta, Canada, said at a National Geographic Society intelligence conference. # 8220 ; This shows that dinosaurs are non nonextant, but are well-represented by 10,000 species of birds. # 8221 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; Mentions: Qiang, Ji, Phillip J. Currie, Mark A. Norell and Ji Shu-An. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeasterly China. Nature June 25, 1998. # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; Copyright? 1998 by Jeff Poling. Feathered non-avian bird-footed dinosaurs treatment Jeff Punting # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; From: # 8220 ; Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. # 8221 ; 318

Shark Essays - Shark Finning, Sharks, Carcharhinidae, Ichthyology

Shark Killing Among some of the most wasteful reasons to hunt in the world I'd have to say that besides the killing of elephants for their tusks, this is on top of the list for one of the worst reasons a blue shark is killed. And sadly enough the United States is one of the top countries to blame. In Hawaii and Mexico shark finning is very common. The fishermen fish the sharks take the fins, and throw it back into the water. The fins are mainly used for fin soup as a status symbol for the Japanese. They eat it for fin soup. Since the fins contain a high dose of ammonia smell and taste they must be processed quickly and tossed back into the ocean, and a lot of times the fish is thrown back into the water alive. Conservation's main cause for concern is the fact that the sharks have a very low reproduction rate. They don't typically reproduce until the age of twenty-five, and even then they only produce a few babies. At The rate these fishermen hunt them the sharks will possibly become endangered in the next few years. This is one of the most cruelest things I've ever heard, and not just the killing of them for the fins, but that fact that they are thrown back into the water without fins. How is the shark supposed to survive and even swim? That is so cruel. Maybe someone should cut off fishermen's legs and arms, and watch them try to survive. It probably would probably hard for the fisherman to survive, he'd be a physical vegetable. I hope the United States does something urgently to control this growing problem before it gets out of hand. The people can do something about it by obviously not buying shark products but also by writing letters and sending petitions to congress, we could also spread the word in other ways in Japan and Hong Kong. But I think if the US stopped the finning, other countries would probably follow and sales would go down, giving the sharks a chance to live and breed in peace.

Batman Hero Essays

Batman Hero Essays Batman Hero Essay Batman Hero Essay Archetypal Heroes Batman Bruce Wayne, also known as Batman The World’s Greatest Detective or The Dark Knight, is best described as an archetypal hero. Batman, the common favorite of comic book nerds, depicts many of the characteristics of an archetypal hero. Unusual circumstances of birth; sometimes in danger or born into royalty: Bruce Wayne was born to Thomas and Martha Wayne, Thomas being the owner and founder of Wayne Enterprises. Thus Bruce was born into a rather large sum of money. When Bruce was still a child his parents were both shot and killed in an alleyway right in front of him. Leaves family or land and lives with others: After his parent’s deaths, Bruce leaves Wayne Mansion to take up training from monks. Here he was trained by fifteen men in the arts of psychology, escapology, numerous martial arts, chemistry and strategy. An event, sometimes traumatic, leads to adventure or quest: Batman became who he is because one night a bat flew into his window and it frightened him, and by becoming what he fears he overcomes it and becomes stronger. As the Batman, he wanted the criminals of Gotham to feel that same fear and terror when they met him, making Batman a personification of fear. Thus the Batman was born! Hero has a special weapon only he can wield: Batman has numerous weapons to his disposal, such as the batarang, bat grapple, bat mobile, bat plane and whatever else he may need. As a man based purely on justice and protection of others, he refuses to use guns. However his most powerful weapons are his mind and body, both of which have been trained and crafted to a level that makes him almost supernatural. When the hero dies, he is rewarded spiritually: Though batman has died almost a dozen times, he has never been spiritually rewarded. He has also never been repented by his father. Though Alfred, his butler and guardian, has forgiven him for everything that has happened, and Bruce accepts him as the closest thing to a father since he raised him after his parent’s passing. The only things you could count as his rewards would be his multiple resurrections. The Hero must prove himself many times while on adventure: Being a seventy year old superhero (Batman first appeared in 1939 in the Detective Comics) he has proven himself numerous times over the years, defeating and riding Gotham of any low life enemy who opposes him.

Gradable Words

Gradable Words Gradable Words Gradable Words By Mark Nichol Many adjectives have degrees of grade or intensity: big (adjective), bigger (comparative adjective), and biggest (superlative adjective), for examples of varying grades, or loud (adjective), louder (comparative adjective), and loudest (superlative adjective) as various levels of intensity. Others, however, have no variation: You cannot (notwithstanding the poetic license of the US Constitution’s â€Å"a more perfect union†) be perfecter than someone else or be the perfectest of all. Such terms, classified as nongradable adjectives, are called absolutes: Just as one cannot be the perfectest person, one cannot be very unique or more correct, or the most unique or correct. Despite the definitive term absolute, however, there is a little wiggle room: When absolutes become modifiers or are themselves otherwise modified, the rules are relaxed: Someone can be more uniquely situated than someone else, or more politically correct. Likewise, terms that seem absolute something can’t be more excellent or more impossible than sometime else aren’t necessarily so: You can say that an experience was quite excellent or that a task was nearly impossible. (These, however, are qualitative, not quantitative, grades. You can measure that something is hotter than something else, but you can’t quantify excellence or possibility. Probability, yes; possibility, no.) Other absolutes include references to states of being, as with alive and dead and white and black, words that express extremes of size such as gigantic and minuscule, terms that refer to polar opposites of quality, like terrible and terrific, and those that indicate outliers of emotion: furious, overjoyed, distraught. Some words that can be used in the same situations are not necessarily interchangeable: For example, as mentioned above, hot is gradable (hot, hotter, hottest, or â€Å"very hot† or the like), but freezing, even though it can be substituted, without modifiers, for hot, is nongradable: â€Å"It’s really freezing† is a plausible informal comment, but it’s not a factual statement, and â€Å"It’s more freezing than it was earlier† is illogical. Some adjectives are gradable or nongradable depending on meaning. For example, though you can refer to an elderly man who owns property as a very old landlord, it’s incorrect to use the phrase â€Å"very old landlord† to refer to a landlord you had a long time ago; the phrase â€Å"old landlord† cannot be intensified to convey a significant passage of time since the pertinent state of â€Å"landlord† (as in â€Å"my landlord†) existed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Do you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?The "Pied" in The Pied Piper

(Oral Presentation script) Ethical problems in international marketing Essay

(Oral Presentation script) Ethical problems in international marketing - Essay Example uch as, racial discrimination, corporate social responsibility, public awareness of risks associated with product use, keeping high prices for citizens of developing countries, and respecting the political and cultural environments of other countries. After describing the problems and their effects on a company’s image, the researcher provides some effective mechanisms to deal with those international marketing issues. Through discussing these problems, this research highlights the importance of considering ethics while doing international marketing. In the present world, ethical marketing is the key to success for a company in the international world. Those days have gone when companies needed to consider the business laws, customers’ needs, and culture of only their host nations. Today, companies need to consider the cultural, political, and economic environment of all those countries where they plan to expand their businesses. Failing to consider any of the ethical marketing issues can result in destroying the image of the company among international customers. Marketing managers are responsible to draw their focus properly on each of the ethical marketing issues in order to achieve the desired set of goals. Therefore, in this paper, the researcher will focus the international marketing ethical issues and the ways to overcome those issues. If a company discriminates against any particular race while marketing the products in the international world, it can put an adverse impact on the image of the company. For example, if a company markets a color fairness cream in an African country by saying that White is the best, it would be against the ethics of marketing. Companies also need to make public aware of the risks associated with the products being marketed. For example, if a pharmaceutical company is marketing a new drug in other countries, it should make people aware of the side effects of the product, if any, in order to make them decide whether they

Organisational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Culture - Essay Example This is evident in the fact that the staff called each other by their first names, and the doctors were called by their first names, except in the presence of patients. However there was a change in the organizational structure and this brought about a change in the culture in East Neasden Dietary department. After the organizational change in the dietary department, the culture in East Neasden dietary department was more of an organizational structure containing line managers with overall executive authority. This new organizational culture provided a mechanism for control and command of the organization's performance "which had previously been dissipated among the clinical, administrative, nursing, paramedical and support groups responsible for delivering healthcare services." (Marlow, Nigel) During the organizational changes in the East Neasden dietary department, the new management attempted to use Mcdonaldisation, which is a method of gearing an organization toward maximization. The setback of this method is that efficiency suffers, because workers would tend to be judged by how fast they work, and not by the quality of their work. The new management tried to achieve Calculability, Predictability and Control by eliminating emotion because it was felt that emotions cause inefficiency. The new leadership also wanted to be able to achieve Control and Predictability in the organization. Inner change and Depth Have the declared objectives of a system approach been met' Are there additional benefits' U should also have to consider the usefulness of a system approach as a tool for a practicing manager. In order for organizational change to become deeper institutional change, the inner dimension of the organization must be mapped. The outcome of this mapping is often novel strategies for transformation. This inner, deeper dimension, however, to successfully lead to long term measurable and observable outcomes must be linked to the litany of the organization (its official self-image), the system of the organization (what it does, how it rewards, its subsystems) its worldview (its culture and the ideologies of stakeholders), and finally its unconscious myths. Thus the deeper story, or myth, guiding metaphor needs to link to its more superficial dimensions. (Inayatullah, Sohail from http://www.metafuture.org/Articles/from_organizational_institutional_change2.htm) Control issues Control systems are designed to avoid misleading measurements, collect relevant information, and to distinguish between the levels of control in an organization. The rational technical model of strategic control suggests that if people are given enough information, they will be able to remedy the variance, based on trial and error. Political behavior "often develops before or during organizational change, when what is in the best interests of one group or subunit is perceived by another group to be counter to its best interests." (Klein 1976). It can therefore be said that ay major strategic change elicits overt political behavior and does require considerable political savvy by a strategist for it to become accepted by members of the organization undergoing change. References Klein (1976) Marlow, Nigel. East Neasden: Efficiency in a unit of

The Wagner Act Essay Example for Free

The Wagner Act Essay Prior to the enactment of the Wagner Act, the United States already had several labors. The Railway Labor Act, which was passed in 1926, required employers to enter into collective bargaining agreements with unions. It also prohibited discrimination on the part of the company against the unions. The RLA however, only applied to railroads and was subsequently amended in order for airlines to be included. Thus during this period, while it was legal to form unions, companies were not prohibited from firing employees for being union members. In 1993, at the behest of then President Franklin Roosevelt, the National Industry Recovery Act was passed. Among the provisions, specifically Section 7(a), employees were not only given the right to form unions but that joining or non-joining of a union would not be used as a requirement for employment. That particular section also required companies to abide by conditions of employment such as the number of work hours and minimum wage as set by the President. However, the Act came under fire due to concerns of its effectiveness as was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court in May 1935. In order to address the issue of employers and unions, the Wagner Act or the National Labor Relations Act was passed in 1935. Named after its proponent, Sen. Robert F. Wagner, the Act incorporated Section 7(a) of the former NIRA. This particular section became the pillar of the Wagner Act. Aside from giving employees the right to form unions, the Wagner Act also defined what it considered as unfair labor practice by an employer. Under Section 8, an employer is said to have committed unfair labor practice if it: interferes, restraints or coerces an employee from joining, dominates or interferes in the formation of a union, discriminates an employee for being part of a union, seeks reprisal against an employees for filing unfair labor practice charges, and refuses to enter into a collective bargaining agreement with the unions. With the passing of the Wagner Act, two important things happened. First, membership in unions began to increase dramatically. From a mere 10% prior to the act, more than 30% of the total US workforce became union members by the 1950s. The second was the formation of the National Labor Relations Board. The NLRB is the agency that is tasked with overseeing the implementation of the Act. By approving the Wagner Act, it was seen that the government was ready to go against the private sector by giving employees the right to form unions and enter into collective bargaining agreements. All these however changed after World War II. As a result of the war, certain groups raised the issue of balancing the power enjoyed by both the labor sector and the companies. Thus in 1947, the Labor-Management Relations Act or Taft-Hartley Act was passed. The Taft-Hartley Act is considered as an amended to the Wagner Act. Although the Taft-Hartley Act retained some of the provisions of the Wagner Act there were also some changes implemented.   Notable changes include the delay or suspension of a strike if it would lead to a national emergency situation. The act also excluded employees who were at the supervisory level from being covered by the provisions of the Wagner Act. A closed shop or a company that hires only union members was also banned. The Taft-Hartley act also protected non-union members from being discriminated by union shops. A union shop is a company that although allows non-union employees to join, eventually requires these employees to eventually join a union. While maintaining the list of unfair labor practice by employers stated in the Wagner Act, the Taft-Hartley Act now included a list of unfair labor practices by unions.   Among others, the amendment required unions to give a 60 days notice to mediators of a planned strike and enter into good faith negotiations with employers. The Taft-Hartley Act further protected employers from facing reprisals from unions if it expressed adverse opinions against the unions. The Act also made it illegal for companies to practice featherbedding. That is, forcing employers pay certain individuals wages despite doing no work. Under the amendment, the primary functions of the NLRB was now to prevent and find solutions to unfair labor practices that is by either the employers or the unions.   The NLRB was also tasked to determine if employees prefer to be represented by union for the purpose of conducting collective bargaining with the company. Currently, the NLRB is divided into two sectors. The Board, which is composed of five individuals, has the task of deciding on cases based on records under administrative proceedings. The General Counsel on the other hand, is in charge of investigating and prosecuting unfair labor practice cases. The General Counsel is also the group tasked to supervise the processing of cases in the field offices. The Board and General Counsel is independent of each other. Another law worth mentioning is the Landrum-Griffin Act or the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959. While it did not make sweeping changes like the Taft-Hartley, it nevertheless amended the Wagner Act by including additional unfair labor practices not included in the Taft-Hartley. The idea behind the Landrum-Griffin Act was to give further protection to the union members from their leaders. The Landrum-Griffin Act enabled a more open selection of union leaders. It also gave members the right to file legal charges against the union without fear of reprisal. While it is clear that the three laws mentioned are pro-labor, the passing of the Taft-Hartley Act tilted the scales somewhat in favor of the employers. However, membership in unions continued to increase despite the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act mainly because of the protection afforded by these laws. As seen from the laws that have been passed, the focus has always been on the employees. While the Wagner Act curtailed the abuses likely to be done by the companies, the Taft-Hartley Act restrained unions from becoming abusive and becoming a much bigger problem. The Landrum-Griffin Act effectively gave back the power of the union to its members and served as a warning for union leaders to ensure that their interests is in line with the general membership. While some sectors are saying that it may be time to repeal or amend these laws, particularly the Taft-Hartley Act, such a decision may not be good for now. While union membership may not be as high as it was before, the reason may not be entirely because of the provisions set forth in these laws. Currently, the labor force of the US is facing competitions form automation and outsourcing. Most companies nowadays prefer to use labor from countries outside the US since the wages are cheaper and the labor laws are lenient compared to those in the country. While the law encourages employers and unions to discuss collective bargaining agreements, it does not prevent companies from laying-off employees in the event of a financial problem. The labor union in the US has come a long way in order to be where it is right now. The laws, first and foremost, have always been there in order to protect the workers and ensure good working conditions. Union leaders should make good use of the provisions under the law. The Wagner Act and its amendments, the Taft-Hartley Act and Landrum-Griffin Act, were not enacted for aesthetic purposes. Unions should remind employers on why it was enacted in the first place. References National Labor Relations Act. National Labor Relations Board. 14 April 2008. http://www.nlrb.gov/about_us/overview/national_labor_relations_act.aspx

Cuneiform :: Egyptian Writing Essays

Cuneiform The earliest writing in Mesopotamia was a picture writing invented by the Sumerians who wrote on clay tablets using long reeds. The script the Sumerians invented and handed down to the Semitic peoples who conquered Mesopotamia in later centuries, is called cuneiform, which is derived from two Latin words: cuneus , which means "wedge," and forma , which means "shape." This picture language, similar to but more abstract than Egyptian hieroglyphics, eventually developed into a syllabic alphabet under the Semites (Assyrians and Babylonians) who eventually came to dominate the area. In Sumer, the original writing was pictographic ("picture writing"); individual words were represented by crude pictorial symbols that resembled in some way the object being represented, as in the Sumerian word for king. The first symbol pictures "gal," or "great," and the second pictures "lu," or "man." Eventually, this pictorial writing developed into a more abstract series of wedges and hooks. These wedges and hooks are the original cuneiform and represented in Sumerian entire words (this is called ideographic and the word symbols are called ideograms, which means "concept writing"); the Semites who adopted this writing, however, spoke an entirely different language, in fact, a language as different from Sumerian as English is different from Japanese. In order to adapt this foreign writing to a Semitic language, the Akkadians converted it in part to a syllabic writing system; individual signs represent entire syllables. However, in addition to syllable symbols, some cuneiform symbols are ideograms ("picture words") representing an entire word; these ideograms might also, in other contexts, be simply syllables. For instance, in Assyrian, the cuneiform for the syllable "ki" is written. However, as an ideogram, this cuneiform also stands for the Assyrian word irsitu , or "earth." So reading cuneiform involves mastering a large syllabic alphabet as well as a large number of ideograms, many of them identical to syllable symbols. This complicated writing system dominated Mesopotamia until the century before the birth of Christ; the Persians greatly simplified cuneiform until it represented something closer to an alphabet.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 13

I walked back to my room, unsure what to think. Vampiros. Vampires. The word sounded wrong, no matter what language it was in. Coyotes. That was a word that made sense. After all, a coyote was just like a wolf, a wild animal drawn to the confusing tangle of the deep Virginia woods. If Rosalyn was killed by a coyote, it would be tragic, but understandable. But for Rosalyn to be killed by a demon? I laughed, the sound coming out like a short bark as I strode into my bedroom and sat with my head in my hands. My headache had returned with renewed vigor, and I remembered Emily's request that I not eat Cordelia's cooking. On top of everything else, it seemed the servants were turning on each other. Suddenly, I heard three soft raps on the door. The sound was so slight it might be the wind, which had shown no sign of stopping since we got back from the woods. â€Å"Hello?† I called hesitantly. The raps started again, more insistently this time. On the other side of the room, the cotton curtains blew violently in the wind. â€Å"Alfred?† I called, the hairs on the back of my neck standing up. Father's tale had definitely affected me. â€Å"I won't be needing dinner,† I called affected me. â€Å"I won't be needing dinner,† I called loudly. I grabbed a letter opener from my desk and held it behind my back as I headed cautiously toward the door. But just as I placed my hand on the doorknob, the door began to swing inward. â€Å"This isn't funny!† I called, half hysterical, when all of a sudden, a figure in pale blue slipped into the room. Katherine. â€Å"Good, because humor has never been one of my strong points,† Katherine said, her smile revealing her straight, white teeth. â€Å"I'm sorry.† I blushed and hastily dropped the letter opener onto the desk. â€Å"I'm just †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Y ou're still recovering.† Katherine's brown eyes locked with my own. â€Å"I'm sorry to startle you.† She sat down on the center of my bed, pulling her knees up to her chest. â€Å"Y our brother's worried about you.† â€Å"Oh †¦,† I stammered. I couldn't believe that Katherine Pierce had come into my bedroom and was sitting on my bed, as if it were perfectly normal. No woman, except my mother and Cordelia, had ever been in my sleeping chambers. I was suddenly embarrassed by my muddy boots in one corner, the pile of china dishes in another, and the Shakespeare volume still open on the desk. â€Å"Do you want to know a secret?† Katherine asked. I stood at the door, clutching the brass doorknob. â€Å"Maybe?† I asked hesitantly. â€Å"Come closer and I'll tell you.† She beckoned me with her finger. Townspeople were scandalized if a couple went walking to the Wickery Bridge without a chaperone. But here Katherine was without a chaperone–or stockings, for that matter –perched on my bed, asking me to join her there. There was no way I could resist that. I gingerly sat on the edge of the bed. Immediately she flipped onto her hands and knees and crawled over to me. Pushing her hair over one shoulder, she cupped my ear with her hand. â€Å"My secret is that I've been worried about you, too,† she whispered. Her breath was unnaturally cold against my cheek. My leg muscles twitched. I knew I should demand that she leave, right away. But instead I inched closer to her. â€Å"Really?† I whispered. â€Å"Yes,† Katherine murmured, looking deep into my eyes. â€Å"Y need to forget Rosalyn.† ou I shivered and glanced away from Katherine's dark-brown eyes toward the window, watching a fast-moving summer storm sweep in. Katherine took my chin in her ice-cold hands and turned my eyes back to hers. â€Å"Rosalyn is dead,† she continued, her face full of sorrow and kindness. â€Å"But you aren't. Rosalyn wouldn't have wanted you to shut yourself away like a criminal. No one would want that for their betrothed, don't you agree?† I nodded slowly. Even though Damon had told me the same thing, the words made infinitely more sense when coming from Katherine's mouth. Her lips curved in a small smile. â€Å"Y ou'll find happiness again,† she said. â€Å"I want to help you. But you have to let me, sweet Stefan.† Katherine laid her hand against my forehead. I felt a surge of heat and ice converging at my temple. I flinched from the force of it, disappointment welling in my chest as Katherine's hand dropped back into her lap. â€Å"Are those the flowers I picked for you?† Katherine asked suddenly, looking across the room. â€Å"Y ou've shoved them into the corner without any light!† â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said. She imperiously swung her legs off the bed and bent to take the basket from under my desk. She drew the shades, then stared at me, her arms crossed over her chest. My breath caught in my throat. Her light-blue crepe dress highlighted her tiny waist, and her necklace lay at the hollow of her neck. She was undeniably beautiful. She plucked a daisy from the bunch, removing the petals one by one. â€Å"Y esterday I saw a servant child play a silly game–he loves me, he loves me not.† She laughed, but then her smile abruptly turned solemn. â€Å"What do you think the answer would be?† And suddenly, she stood above me, her hands on my shoulders. I inhaled her scent of ginger and lemon, unsure what to say, knowing only that I wanted to feel her hands on my shoulders forever. â€Å"Would the answer be he loves me †¦ or he loves me not?† Katherine asked, leaning toward me. My body began quivering with a desire I didn't know I possessed. My lips were mere inches away from hers. â€Å"What's the answer?† Katherine asked, biting her lip in the impression of a shy maiden. I laughed despite myself. I felt as if I were watching the scene unfold, powerless to stop what I was about to do. I knew this was wrong. Sinful. But how could it be sinful if every fiber of my being wanted it more than anything? Rosalyn was dead. Katherine was alive. And I was alive, too, and I needed to start acting like it. If what Father said was true, and I was about to fight the battle of my life between good and evil, then I needed to learn to have confidence in myself and my choices. I needed to stop thinking and start believing in myself, in my convictions, in my desires. â€Å"Do you really need me to answer?† I asked, reaching for her waist. I grabbed her and pulled her onto the bed with a strength I didn't know I her onto the bed with a strength I didn't know I possessed. She shrieked in delight and tumbled onto the bed next to me. Her breath was sweet, and her hands were cold and holding mine, and suddenly, nothing else–not Rosalyn, not my father's demons, not even Damon–mattered.

Development of Modern Middle East Essay

The purpose of this paper is to give a synopsis of the life history and work of Muhammad, son of Abdullah, the prophet of Islam. It will also seek to address the persecutions he underwent at the hands of his own clan. Muhammad was and remains one of the most influential people the world has ever seen. He was a mortal, illiterate man who has changed world history and left an indelible mark on the history books. He was the last of the prophets and one of the few with scriptures. The scripture (Qur’an) is one of the most read and revered books on the face of the earth. His work has over one billion followers worldwide comprising people from all races, social status, sex and age. He acknowledged every prophet before him and discriminated against none (Qur’an 2:285). He was a human rights champion. In this paper Quraysh and/or Mecca will mostly refer to unbelievers in Islamic monotheism at the time of Muhammad. MUHAMMAD: – BIRTH and CHILDHOOD Muhammad the son of Abdullah and the grandson of Abdul Muttalib (leader of the Quraysh tribe and custodian of al-Ka’aba) is the prophet of the Islamic religion. Muhammad was born in Mecca in the year 570 c.e. which is also known as the Year of the Elephant. This is the year that Abrahah, the king of Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia) sent a powerful force to destroy al-Ka’aba because he viewed al-Ka’aba as a rival since it was attracting more pilgrims than his newly constructed temple in Yemen. According to history, on approaching Mecca the lead elephant of Abrahah’s convoy refused to enter the city. Then birds filled the skies stoning the army with pebbles so much so that they had to retreat in defeat. Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through his son Ishmael. His father Abdullah died few months before Muhammad’s birth. His mother Aminah sent him the countryside to be nursed and nurtured as was the custom in Arabia. It’s believed that the children learn the qualities of self-discipline, nobility, and freedom better in the countryside than in the urban areas. It also gave them the opportunities to be speakers of eloquent Arabic spoken by the Bedouin. Aminah did not have much money to pay for the care so most of the caregivers would not take Muhammad until she met Halimah a poor Bedouin woman who became Muhammad’s nurse. One day while playing with his child peers, two angels appeared to him in human form, laid him down, opened his chest and purified his heart. For fear of what might have happened next, Halimah and her husband Harith returned Muhammad to his mother. (Britannica) Aminah died when Muhammad was only six years old. His grandfather (Abdul Muttalib) took custody of him, then two years later Abdul Muttalib fell sick and suspected he may not survive the illness, so he asked his son Abu Talib to take charge of Muhammad. Abdul Muttalib had many sons some of whom were richer than Abu Talib but he was the kindest and most respectable among his brothers. Abu Talib treated him very well and respectfully. ADOLESCENT to MARRIAGE At a young age he joined Abu Talib’s caravan to Syria. On this Syrian trip a Christian monk (Bahira) saw the signs of prophethood on him, invited him and his uncle to dine with him. He saw the prophet seal on his back and told Abu Talib to protect him from the Jews and Christians because might kill him if they realize his was the foretold prophet to come after Jesus (Qur’an 61:6) And [mention] when Jesus, the son of Mary, said, â€Å"O children of Israel, indeed I am the messenger of Allah to you confirming what came before me of the Torah and bringing good tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name is Ahmad.† But when he came to them with clear evidences, they said, â€Å"This is obvious magic.† Muhammad was said to be a young man of unusual physical beauty and generosity of character. He was revered in Mecca due to his sense of fairness and justice that people often went to him for arbitration, hence the title al-Amin (the Trusted One). His uncle Abu Talib recommended him to Khadija to work on her caravan. He did so well that Khadija retained his service and made him the head of her caravan and proposed marriage to him through her friend. They got married when Muhammad was twenty five years old and Khadija who was forty years old. During marriage they had two sons and four daughters. The two sons both died young and only Fatimah among the daughters grew up to have children of her own. At age thirty five, Muhammad took his cousin Ali who was five at the time into his household and raised him. He later gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and it was through this matrimony that his progeny came. (Britannica) All these time although an illiterate, he was not satisfied with the spiritual lives of the Meccans. He started retreating to the mountains for meditation. He has seen, heard, and dreamed of miraculous things and beings. He maintained in his mind that there must be a supernatural being somewhere who is responsible for all these creatures. (CARM) CALL to PROPHETHOOD Muhammad continued his daily retreat in the cave on the mountain. One day, generally believed to be the night of power (Laila tul Qadr) in Ramadan at age forty in the year 610 c.e. while in the cave on mount Hira, the archangel Gabriel appeared to him in human form and asked him to recite. Muhammad told the angel that he did not know how to read but Gabriel insisted he recite the name of thy Lord (Qur’an 96:1-5) â€Å"Read! In the name of your Lord (Cherisher and Sustainer), He who created — created man, out of a leech-like clot: Read! And your Lord is Most Bountiful. He who taught (the use of) the Pen, taught man that which he knew not.† The appearance of Gabriel to Muhammad confirmed his call to prophethood which also marked the beginning of Islam, and added another important chapter to Arab and world history. Among the first converts to Islam were his beloved wife Khadija, Ali his cousin and later son-in-law, and his friend Abu Bakr. The words that Gabriel taught him became the first verses (Ayat) of the scriptures (Koran) which later developed to one hundred and fourteen chapters arranged from the longest to the shortest except the opening chapter (al-Fatiha) which is short. The Qur’an was revealed in a period of twenty three years (610-632 c.e), the first thirteen years in Mecca and last ten in Medina. Although not arranged in chronological order, the shorter chapters are the early revelations. The Qur’an is one of the most revered and read books on earth today. It is the most sacred book for the Muslims; they believe it is God’s own words (the original copy in heaven) and that Muhammad is the last of the prophets hence the other title the â€Å"Seal.† In this case Muhammad and the Qur’an are both completely beyond criticism (reprimand) in the Islamic world. The Muslims will go any length to defend both regardless of the consequences. (Britannica) EARLY DAYS of ISLAM and PERSECUTIONS For the first three years Islam had about forty followers (Muslims). Muhammad and the Muslims faced a lot of persecutions at the hands of Mecca pagans, who viewed the new faith as a threat to their polytheistic lives, and the religions of their forefathers. He was still preaching in private even after three years. He preached a lot about kindness to the poor and the weak (women and children), equality of races, equality of men and women before God. Muslims started gaining ground slowly but surely. Since Mecca frequently had visitors, the elders feared that the new faith might quickly spread if strangers started accepting it, so they had to hatch a plan to stop the spread. They continue to defend their religion but offered little new to the challenge Islam brought to them. Abu Lahab (Muhammad’s uncle) and Abu Sufyan gathered eloquent poets from the tribes and started a propaganda war. The poets coined choice phrases and recited well-crafted verses to ridicule Muhammad and call into doubt the veracity of his beliefs. Muslim converts with poetic skill began to construct rebuttals and soon there were dueling poets all over the city. People began approaching the once highly respected Muhammad in the streets shoving and asking him to perform miracles (predict market prices, turn mountains into gold, make angels appear, and etc.) like the earlier prophets did. Many Qur’an verses came down to him to answer the many challenges he faced and those that question the authenticity of the Qur’an. Muhammad frequently reminded them that he was just a mortal man and the Qur’an was his miracle. Another thing that puzzled the opponents was that Muhammad was not a poet, and his sudden eloquence and verbosity was inexplicable. The Meccans admitted to the fact that Qur’anic verses were nice to listen to and its contents were impassioned and appealing. Some clan elders began sitting outside Muhammad’s window at night to hear him reciting his beautiful verses. They enjoyed the verses and knew that those verses could not have come from even the best poet let alone an illiterate man. This continued until they shamed each other into stopping because that will mean they are encouraging Muhammad and admitting that he was on the right path. (Emerick Yahiya) He continued (Qur’an 7:194-198) speaking against asking idols for help even though the idols could not see, hear, speak, or protect themselves. These Qur’anic verses made idol worship look foolish. These assertions did not settle well with the Quraysh, so they approached Abu Talib (head of the Banu Hasim) and asked him to stop Muhammad or relinquish his protection of him so they could take care of him because he attacks their religion which was Abu Talib’s too. Abu Talib knew that to take care of him meant they wanted kill Muhammad. Remembering the promise he made to his father to protect Muhammad he politely told the clan elders that he would continue to extend his clan’s protection to Muhammad. Muhammad was preaching that slaves were equal to their masters at a time when slavery was at its height in Arabia. This alarmed the Quraysh leaders which prompted them to reason with Abu Talib for the second time, they took along an able-bodied young man (Umarah) to be Abu Talib’s adopted son in exchange for Muhammad. Abu Talib strongly rejected the offer. Meanwhile Muhammad continued his preaching and people continue converting to Islam. (Emerick Yahiya) The Quraysh elders tried a third time to reason with Abu Talib only this with an ultimatum and that was â€Å"Stop Muhammad or we will fight him and you.† Abu Talib did not want to cause trouble for his clan, called Muhammad to a private meeting and said to him â€Å"Save me and save yourself.† Muhammad politely responded his uncle by saying â€Å"Uncle by Allah, if they put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left and ordered me to give up this cause, I would never do it until either Allah has vindicated me or I perish in the attempt.† When the response was conveyed to the clan leaders, they ordered redoubling of efforts to persecute Muslims. Abu Talib assured him of his unflinching support no matter what he preached and called the Banu Hashim and Banu Abdul Muttalib clans to swear to an oath to protect Muhammad. The Quraysh then sent Utbah, a conciliatory Arab leader to Muhammad asking him to stop preaching his religion or at least make accommodation for idol worshipping, then the Meccans would compensate him whatever he wished. Muhammad recited Chapter 32 of the Qur’an, which outlines the truth of monotheism, Allah’s purpose for creation, and the way He chooses prophets to convey His message of salvation. Utbah was convinced that Muhammad was not crazy and that he should be left alone. Persecution of Muslims then increased to an alarming rate. Muslims were tortured, starved, left to die in hot desert sands, and even murdered. MIGRATION to MEDINA (HIJRA) Due to the persistent persecutions from the people of Mecca, Muhammad accepted the invitation from Yathrib (modern day Medina) to be the head of the city and arbitrator for the warring factions. He could also have freedom to practice and preach about his faith. He migrated to in the year 622 c.e. with his family and some followers. When he was leaving his house Muhammad recited (Qur’an 36:9) â€Å"We have covered them so they cannot see,† he slipped out passing unnoticed by the men assigned to kill him. He left his cousin Ali to sleep in his house. Upon arrival at Yathrib, he and his companions were welcomed with loud cry of delight; a chorus of girls sang a welcome song for them. From that day Yathrib was renamed Medina (city of the prophet). The migration is known as Hijra which also marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar. (CARM) Islam started growing rapidly as a dominant political force in Medina and Muhammad assumed the role of a de facto head of state. Both men and women (including but not limited to Safiya bint Abdul Muttalib, Asma bint Abu Bakr, and Fatima bint Muhammad) played important roles as activists and teachers to make a homeland for Islamic monotheism a reality. Many women began to vigorously support the new movement, for Islam presented a great leap forward in both women’s rights and status. Islam was now going through radical changes. The changes included opposition to idolatry, improving personal morality, establishing personal relationship with God, and regulations for public and social life. The Qur’an laid new rules for the conduct of business and commerce, the compulsory 2.5% welfare tax (Zakat) from annual savings to be given for the benefit of the poor and needy. Fasting (abstinence from worldly pleasure during daylight) in the month of Ramadan was established. The five daily prayers were now held in congregation in the mosque. (Mission Islam) With the arrival of Sawdah and marriage to Aisha, Muhammad started to establish a stable household in Medina. Sawdah was a widow of ********* and one of the early converts to Islam. She got married to Muhammad after the demise of Khadija. She was said to be a very kind and humorous woman. Aisha may have been twelve years or so at the time. She lived in her own apartment by the mosque and spent her leisure entertaining visitors and walking the streets of Medina. Aisha was a quick learner and soon became a sought-after teacher on Islamic issues as the years progressed. Sawdah also had her own apartment and did not encroach upon Aisha’s domain. She took the inexperienced Aisha under her wing and guided her in her role as a wife. (Inter-Islam) WARS against DISBELIEVERS Muhammad and his followers fought many wars against Islam’s foes from Mecca, Jews and the tribes. The first of the great wars was the â€Å"Battle of Badr.† The Muslims were outnumbered by Meccans almost three to one. The Meccan army was headed by Abu Jahl a staunch enemy of Islam and the person of Muhammad. The Meccans lost their camp and its wealth and supplies, and about fifty men including Abu Jahl and many other leaders who died in the war. The Muslims took about seventy Meccans prisoner. The Muslims had fourteen casualties. Muhammad announced that Allah’s help allowed them to win (Qur’an 8:9 and 8:17). While the Muslims continued to celebrate their win in Medina, the Meccans were humiliated by the Battle of Badr at home and wanted to revenge. This will mean a change of events for the Muslims (Qur’an 3:140) â€Å"If a wound hath touched you, be sure a similar wound hath touched the others. Such days (of varying fortunes) We give to men and men by turns: that Allah may know those that believe, and that He may take to Himself from your ranks Martyr-witnesses (to Truth). And Allah loveth not those that do wrong†. This leads to the Battle of Uhud. The Meccans used the proceeds from Abu Sufyan’s great caravan to procure weapons for next campaign against Muslims. They had three thousand well-armed fighters divided into three massive columns. The women’s group was led by Hind, Abu Sufyan’s wife who vowed not to mourn the deaths of her father, brother and uncles, and also promised not to sleep with her husband until she had her vengeance against the Muslims. Abu Sufyan trying to convince his wife of his own bravery also promised not to bathe until he defeated Muhammad. Many women decided to come along to encourage their husbands and fathers and watch the battle. Hind, Abu Sufyan’s wife stated â€Å"We will indeed accompany the army and no one can stand in our way or force us back into our homes, if the women were present at the Day of Badr soldiers running away would not have happened.† At the head of each Meccan regiment were men who wanted to see Muhammad dead. Among them were Khalid ibn al-Walid famous Meccan cavalry general who wanted glory and accolades. Abu Sufyan and his brother-in-law Ikhrimah, the son of Abu Jahl were seeking blood to fight for glory. The women made it clear that if their men struck down the enemy they would be embraced and w0uld spread rugs for them. If you turn your backs we will avoid you and we will never come back to sleep with you. (pbs.org) The Prophet instructed fifty archers to protect the Muslims backs and not to move from their posts until they saw the Muslims entering the enemy camp, if the Muslims were being beaten they should still stay at their posts and avoid trying to help so that the enemy could not come behind them. However, the archers left their posts allowing the enemy the chance to get behind them which caused the Muslims to be overwhelmed by the much larger enemy (Qur’an 8:27-28) â€Å"O you who have believed, do not betray Allah and the Messenger or betray your trusts while you know [the consequence]. But when he came to it, he was called, â€Å"Blessed is whoever is at the fire and whoever is around it. And exalted is Allah, Lord of the worlds.† The Prophet himself got struck by a thrown rock that knocked one of his teeth off and he fell to the ground. He was quickly surrounded by Muslims to protect him from the charging Meccans. The Prophet tried to get up but fell into a pit, Ali and another man lifted him out of the pit. The Muslims suffered about seventy casualties and many others were severely wounded, and the Meccans lost hundreds. However, the Muslims admitted defeat because of high number of casualties and wounded including the prophet with regard to the size of the ir army. The Meccan women led by Hind enraged by their near defeat began to mutilate and deface the fallen Muslims. They cut off noses and ears and made them ornaments or necklaces moving over dead bodies like ghouls. Hind found Hamza’s dead body, ripped open his chest and chewed on his liver, fulfilling her vow. Hamza was Muhammad’s uncle and the one who killed Abu Jahl, the father of Hind. Hamza was killed by a slave whom Hind promised to set free if he killed Hamza. (Emerick Yahiya) After the battle of Uhud the Muslims position in Medina was precarious and the hypocrites capitalized on this situation to strengthen their position. Most of the tribes were now emboldened since they realize that the Muslims were not invincible. Many times, Muslims who were sent on missions got massacred and this brought about a lot of sadness among surviving compatriots. Muhammad explained the change in their fortunes as God’s way of testing their resolve and sincerity. (Qur’an 2:15 5-156). The Jews who had signed treaties with the Prophet broke the terms of the treaties and they were exiled from Medina. The Jews incited other tribes and Mecca to go to war with Muslims to wipe out Islam. The tribes and Meccans made up an army of about ten thousand fighters to attack the Muslims. The Prophet and other Muslims dug a trench at the south entrance of the city to protect Medina from the menacingly large army attack, since the other side was Mount Uhud and the back was the Jewish fortresses. The army arrived but could not enter the city of Medina so they laid siege for three weeks. This was called the siege of Medina or Battle of the Trench. This was a difficult time for Muslims because their food supply was running out and their Jewish neighbors (Banu Qurayza) had cut the food supply. However, after about three weeks in the cold desert nights the army started feeling weary. One night a raging winter storm befell the army, and the weather was so harsh that they decided to leave. (Emerick Yahiya) CONQUEST of MECCA and PASSING of the PROPHET Despite all the troubles Muslims faced, Islam was steadily growing. In the year 628 c.e the Muslims and the Quraysh signed the treaty of Hudaybiyah, and the Muslims defeated the Jews at the battle of Khaybar. In the year 629 Muhammad led a lesser pilgrimage to Mecca and Khalid ibn Walid converted to Islam. In the year 630 c.e the prophet marched unto Mecca with over ten thousand followers. They faced very little resistance from the Meccans. The prophet and the Muslims destroyed and removed all the idols that filled al Ka’aba and established prayers in the place. Abu Sufyan the last strongest Quraysh leader converted to Islam. (Emerick Yahiya) In the year 632 c.e the prophet went to Mecca with over one hundred thousand followers to perform farewell pilgrimage (hajj). This was to be his last hajj and this was where gave the farewell sermon (address), which reads â€Å"O People, lend me an attentive ear, for I don’t know whether, after this year, I shall ever be amongst y ou again. Therefore listen to what I am saying to you carefully and TAKE THIS WORDS TO THOSE WHO COULD NOT BE PRESENT HERE TODAY. O People, just as you regard this month, this day, and this city as Sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. Remember that you will indeed meet your LORD, and that HE will indeed reckon your deeds. ALLAH has forbidden you to take usury (Interest), therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived†¦ Beware of Satan, for your safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things. O People, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have right over you. If they abide by your right then to them belongs the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And it is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you do not approve, as well as never to commit adultery. O People, listen to me in earnest, worship ALLAH, say your five daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give your wealth in Zakat. Perform Hajj if you can afford to. You know that every Muslim is the brother of another Muslim. YOU ARE ALL EQUAL. NOBODY HAS SUPERIORITY OVER OTHER EXCEPT BY PIETY AND GOOD ACTION. Remember, one day you will appear before ALLAH and answer for your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone. O People, NO PROPHET OR APOSTLE WILL COME AFTER ME AND NO NEW FAITH WILL BE BORN. Reason well, therefore, O People, and understand my words which I convey to you. I leave behind me two things, the QUR’AN and my example, the SUNNAH and if you follow these you will never go astray. All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again; and may the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. BE MY WITNESS O ALLAH THAT I HAVE CONVEYED YOUR MESSAGE TO YOUR PEOPLE.† After the prophet concluded his final sermons the following qur’anic (ayat) verse was revealed to him (Quran 5:3) â€Å"This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My Grace upon you, and have chosen Islam for you as your religion.† Muhammad died in the year 632 c.e. after a short illness two years after he conquered Mecca and destroyed the idols in al-Ka’aba. He was buried at Medina in the Mosque (Masjid Nabawi). â€Å"There is no forcing anyone into this way of life. Truth stands clear in the from error† (Qur’an 2:256) Sources Gelvin James L, (2011) The Modern Middle East- A History, Oxford University Press, New York Emerick Yahiya, (2002) The Life and Work of Muhammad, Alpha Books, Indianapolis Britannica Online Encyclopaedia- Muhammad (The Prophet of Islam). Retrieved on September 23, 2012 www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad PBS-islam: Empire of Faith-Profiles-Muhammad. Retrieved on September 25, 2012 www.pbs.org/empires/islam/profilesMuhammad.html Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry (CARM). Retrieved on September 30, 2012 http://www.carm.org/muhammad Inter-Islam Home. Retrieved on October 12, 2012 www.inter-islam.org/Biographies Mission Islam. Retrieved on October 15, 2012 www.missionislam.com/knowledge/zakat.htm

The Relationship between Public Relations and Marketing essay

The Relationship between Public Relations and Marketing essay The Relationship between Public Relations and Marketing essay The Relationship between Public Relations and Marketing essayNowadays, more and more organizations understand their direct dependence on the society and their need to build friendly relations with public. Transition to market economy has brought new challenges and demanded a new approach to business principles. For this reason, the problem of professional marketing taking into account the interaction with public came in the forefront for many organizations.The direct connection of marketing and public relations lies in the fact that PR mechanism acts as an engine of the process of product promotion on the market, ensuring success of the company, its high reputation in the face of fierce competition.Although the aim of the modern companies is to increase sales, this does not preclude the need to use PR tools to integrate the interests of consumers and their behavior.There are two opposing views on the relationships between PR and marketing. Some believe that PR is a direct marketing p iece that is used to increase sales. Another point of view considers PR as an independent discipline, which is not subject to marketing and is related not to sales growth but the formation of a positive image of the company. There is no consensus on this issue, but the relationship of PR and marketing is obvious.DefinitionsPR is an activity aimed at forming positive opinion about the company and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with it (Crabtree,  2010: 10-11). The purpose of PR is to establish two-way communication to identify common ideas or common interests and mutual understanding based on truth, knowledge and full awareness. The magnitude of this interaction, aimed at developing strong relationships with the public, can be very different depending on the characteristics of the actors, but the philosophy, strategy and methods are very similar.Marketing is the subject of market activities aimed at implementing interaction with other actors of the market (Brandau,  2014: 24).It is the process of planning and implementation of the plans, evaluation of promotion and implementation of ideas, goods and services in order to benefit from the exchange between people and organizations. The major activities of marketing are processes such as product development, research, establishing communications, organization of distribution, pricing.The Roles of PR and MarketingFunctions and tasks of Public RelationsThe most basic and common functions of PR are:1) Control of public opinion and behavior in order to meet their needs and interests.2) Responding to the public. Organization takes into account events, problems and behavior of others and responds to them.3) The achievement of mutually beneficial relations with all groups of people through the fruitful cooperation with them (including with employees, customers, suppliers, production staff, etc.).There are internal and external functions of PR, which are realized according to the individual generic areas :external function is aimed at creating and maintaining a positive image of the organization among the community groups that are external to the organization, at informing them about the organization and its products;internal function is aimed at creating and maintaining corporate social responsibility within the organization (good reputation of the organization among its staff, formation of a benevolent climate within the organization, maintaining a sense of responsibility and interest in the result of work). In this regard, PR should be considered as a method of creating organizational culture.PR can have a significant impact on public opinion and it is cost-effective compared to commercial advertising. Using PR, the company does not pay for advertising rates, it pays for the work of media personnel. However, specialists believe that the consumer is more likely to pay attention and trust interesting article than advertising clip. It is obvious that PR performs more complex functio ns than advertising and plays an important role in the following tasks:Assist in the introduction of new products and services;Changing attitude to goods and services;Development and revival of interest in partially or completely forgotten goods and services;Creating favorable image of the company addressing certain target groups;Creating good image of the company that would positively influence the image of products and services (Hawes,  2010: 8).Functions and tasks of marketing in the modern organizationMarketing begins with a study of the target market segment. Marketing management is the analysis, planning, implementation and monitoring of activities designed to establish, strengthen and maintaining beneficial exchanges with target buyers in order to achieve certain objectives of the organization, such as profit, sales volume growth, increase of market share, and so on.Marketers determine potential demand and its size (capacity segment of the market), ie identify customers who se needs are not met adequately or experiencing an implicit interest in specific goods or services. There should be done market segmentation and selection of those its parts that the company is able to serve well. Marketing management plans, creates and brings the product to the consumer, develops demand strategy through product price, distribution channels and methods of promotion. Marketing researches product, market, consumer demand, and offers possibilities these studies is a function of marketing. Marketing function is the impact on the level, time and nature of demand in order to achieve the goals of the organization (Smith,  2014: 22).Similarities and differencesCurrently, relationship between marketing and PR and their similarities are growing. Increasingly, these two trends are intertwined in practice. However, even thirty years they were considered completely separate discipline.In the process of rapid development of marketing and public relations, they are rapidly expa nding their spheres of activity, using increasingly aggressive means of communication, actively expanding the audience, as a result, they begin to turn to the same segments of the public, and sometimes even use same tactics of communicative behavior. Despite the fact that from the point of view of consumers, these disciplines are very similar, the practice has always maintained a strong conceptual separation.If you ask PR and marketing practitioners to highlight the basics of their professions, they would come around to the following scheme.Marketing:Promotion of the goods (services) among consumers.The main goal is selling.The implicit goal is to make a profit.Success depends on the amount of sales and profits.PR:Organization help in adapting public and company.The main objective is to establish rapport.The implicit objective is to stimulate a favorable perception.Success depends on the expression of positive public opinion, public support in any manifestation.It turns out that mar keting is a set of measures to promote a product or service, pricing, working with distributors, and PR is the management of the companys reputation. Marketing creates a market for goods and services, PR provides a favorable environment in which companies operate. In some cases, marketing success can be destroyed by negative social or political trends, tracking and smoothing of which is also the task of PR.In the context of convergence of price / quality ratio on most goods and services, a special role is played by image of the company. In this case, PR acts as a function, which enables the construction of a positive image (Wexler,  2010: 33).PR toolsThe basic tools of PR are: Publications (articles, reports, newsletters, magazines, brochures) are widely replicable means of promoting an attractive image of the company and transmitting messages to the target markets. Events (trade shows, seminars, conferences, competitions, presentations) can include both general public and target audiences. News. The main task of PR specialists is to provide interesting and favorable news about the company and its services.The use of PR tools should facilitate the implementation of the planned business objectives: Raising awareness of the consumer. Strengthening confidence in the company and its services. Promotion of sales. Reduce of the cost of advertising and sales promotion.The diversity and complexity of the goals emphasize the breadth of actions of PR technologies (Jacques,  2013: 12).Marketing ToolsThere are various marketing tools to ensure the success of the company and increase sales effectiveness. Marketing tools to achieve the company goal, selection and use of which is realized through the procedure of the marketing mix (Marketing- mix model 4P): product, price, promotion, delivery. The concept of marketing mix is determined by a set of basic tools of marketing: product policy (innovation, work with range, removal of goods whose life cycle is over from the pro duction, customer service, guarantees);pricing (base price, discounts, credit);communication policy (advertising, public relations);marketing policy (market research, sales, development of new markets, etc.);development and implementation of competitive strategies.The first marketing tool is an estimate, according to which the firms resources are allocated to business units. Other marketing tools are:advertising (the most effective way to deliver information about the goods to the consumer for the purpose of sales promotion);public relations (marketing tool, contributing to the establishment and maintenance of interaction, location, understanding and cooperation between the company and society, the formation of a benevolent public opinion);personal selling (but this tool is very expensive as it is related to the preparation of highly qualified specialists in sales).pricing policy is considered the most important marketing tool. This is usually the final stage of market activity, and the price is a kind of indicator of conditions in which the company exists and operates (Rockoff,  2012:14).Examples of application of PRThe following examples are quite diverse. However, each of them illustrates effectiveness of PR.Ford achieved fame of the model Ford Taurus with the help of PR even before the release of the car on the market. When the company  «Lego System » learned that one of their rattles was potentially dangerous for babies, they immediately withdrew the entire batch of rattles and inspired parents to the dissemination of this information. The company offered full compensation of the toys price or its exchange for a toy from the new collection.An example of Ford Motor Company is a clear illustration of the application of public relations in the early stages of marketing use, when news appeared before advertising. The case of  «Lego System » emphasizes the use of PR methods for gaining trust of consumers.In addition to these examples, there are many other methods that can improve the effectiveness of marketing programs. With the help of PR, a company can turn into a leader in its market segment, present new products. PR allows carry out a restart and positioning of existing products, overcome the resistance of consumers to advertising, affect those people who shape consumer opinion, win the support of retailers and contribute to a more rapid spread of products. These examples suggest that PR and marketing can perfectly communicate, that PR marketing really works. That is why in recent years, many companies began to use public relations (Erokan,  2010: 12-13).Examples of successful marketingMarlboro. Marlboro invented pack of cardboard with flip-top lid, which are now standard package of cigarettes not in order to demonstrate innovation or design ideas but for promotional purposes. Smokers were able to pull out cigarettes from soft packs without removing them from the pocket, so others did not see the brand. Flip-tops made smo kers take the pack out of the pocket so that everybody could see it, and the new always attracts attention.Estee Lauder. There is a beautiful legend about how Estee Lauder began selling its perfumes. The young Miss Lauder came the biggest perfume shop in New York â€Å"accidentally† split the bottle of her perfume on the floor. Buyers asked about the wonderful smell and store just had to sign a contract with Estee Lauder.Heinz. In 1896, Henry Heinz was walking around New York and saw an advertisement of shoe store, which offered clients 21 style of shoes. By analogy, he decided to write on their ketchup and sauces 57 options. This number had nothing to do with the actual figures range, but Heinz liked it. And it impressed buyers.Harley-Davidson. The most famous manufacturer of motorcycles in the world holds the first place in terms of branded tattoos for more than a dozen years. It all began with the fact that Harley announced impressive discounts on bikes for those who would come to buy a motorcycle with a tattoo in the form of its logo (Castilla,  2013: 250-251).ConclusionSimilarities of PR and marketing get more and more noticeable. More and more often, in practice, they are intertwined and mutually reinforcing. This was possible because the purposes of marketing and PR are similar: the desire for mutual understanding between the company and customer, care about the quality of products, reputation and image of the brand.Nevertheless, they have different strategies. Thus, marketing strategy is a desire to attract the customer to a particular product, and strategy of PR is to create the most favorable environment for the development of the company.Marketing studies peoples interest in products and services, analyses possibilities to influence target groups and effectiveness of advertising. With the help of PR-activity, the company monitors the interests of consumers, partners, employees, shareholders, identifies threats, helps management to resolve v arious conflicts and quickly establish a dialogue. In general, PR is focused on public opinion, while the purpose of marketing is selling. Thanks to marketing, the company can get answers to the questions: what, when and to whom to sell, at what price and in what form. Creating motivation, sales promotion are also the mission of marketing professionals.In turn, PR provides answers to questions such as: how to be a company, how to make it work needed and fruitful? Building relationships between the company and community that is the mission of public relations.In the context of the existing fast-growing market, PR is becoming an important part of marketing communications. Public Relations today is an effective mechanism for overcoming problems on the way of the goods to the buyer. Using public relations influences the performance of marketing as a whole.